国际能源贸易中的能源隐含水流动及其对各国水资源影响-环境科学专业论文.docxVIP

ABSTRACT Obviously, water extracting, delivering, and disposing processes require energy, and similarly, many processes such as, extracting and refining various fuel sources and producing electricity also need to consume water. This part water we called it ‘water-energy nexus’, is still in an exploratory stage. As essential resources on the planet, the distribution of energy and water is uneven, which is clearly shown by ArcGIS. International trade of energy brings along global flows of water. We integrated the research results of the United States, the Middle East, China and other areas, included traditional oil, coal and traditional gas. Three types of electricity energy are considered: the conventional thermal electricity, the nuclear electricity, the hydroelectricity. The objectives are to quantify the volumes of energy-embodied water flows related to international energy trade between 217 countries from 1992 to 2010. The energy flows gross are calculated by the differences of production and consumption. It was found that the global volume of international energy-embodied water flows between nations was 4211 Mm3/a in average over the period 1992-2010, which accounted for 50% of the water used for energy production over the world. 95.82% of the total volume of energy-related international embodied water flows is related to the oil trade. Gas and electricity cost 3.99% and 0.18% of global energy-embodied water flows, respectively. Regions with significant large net embodied water imports are Asia, Europe, North America. Regions with substantial net embodied water export are Middle East, Eurasia, Africa. The analysis associated with human development index shows that very high human development countries benefit a great deal of water resource from international energy flows. As the great international energy-embodied water flows, the water resources allocation ratio changed certainly, on the one hand, it brought the water crisis to some countries, on the other han