第四章-短期经济波动——3.-总需求的IS--LM模型.pptVIP

宏观经济学 第四章 短期经济波动 宏观经济学 中国石油大学 初级宏观经济学 第四章 短期经济波动 本章我们将学习到： 第一节 总需求与总供给 第二节 货币和财政政策对总需求的影响 第三节 总需求的IS-LM模型 第四节 通货膨胀与失业之间的短期交替关系 第五节 经济周期理论（#） 本节内容 The Keynesian Cross A simple closed economy model in which income is determined by expenditure. (due to J.M. Keynes) Notation: I = planned investment E = C + I + G = planned expenditure Y = real GDP = actual expenditure Difference between actual planned expenditure: unplanned inventory investment Elements of the Keynesian Cross Graphing planned expenditure Graphing the equilibrium condition The equilibrium value of income An increase in government purchases Solving for ?Y The government purchases multiplier Example: MPC = 0.8 The government purchases multiplier Definition: the increase in income resulting from a $1 increase in G. In this model, the G multiplier equals Why the multiplier is greater than 1 Initially, the increase in G causes an equal increase in Y: ?Y = ?G. But ?Y ? ?C ? further ?Y ? further ?C ? further ?Y So the final impact on income is much bigger than the initial ?G. An increase in taxes Solving for ?Y The Tax Multiplier def: the change in income resulting from a $1 increase in T : The Tax Multiplier …is negative: A tax hike reduces consumer spending, which reduces income. …is greater than one  (in absolute value): A change in taxes has a multiplier effect on income. …is smaller than the govt spending multiplier: Consumers save the fraction (1-MPC) of a tax cut, so the initial boost in spending from a tax cut is smaller than from an equal increase in G. Exercise: Use a graph of the Keynesian Cross to show the impact of an increase in investment on the equilibrium level of income/output. The IS curve def: a graph of all combinations of r and Y that result in goods market equilibrium, i.e. actual expenditure (output)  = planned expenditure The equation for the IS curve is: Deriving the IS curve ?r ? ?I Understanding the IS curve’s slo