霍布斯与洛克的社会契约论之比较-外国哲学专业论文.docxVIP

摘 摘 要 近代西方思想家的社会契约论，是一种比较系统地论述国家的起源、国家的性质 以及国家公共事务基本原则等国家问题的理论，且是对后世的资本主义发展影响 深刻的政治哲学理论。其中，霍布斯和洛克的社会契约论思想在近代西方政治哲 学发展过程中占有重要的地位，是政治哲学思想的一份珍贵遗产。霍布斯和洛克 的社会契约论思想尽管具有相近的历史背景与思想渊源，但是由于他们在哲学基 础、契约内容、契约特征、理论归宿等方面存在差异，因而推导出两种完全不同 的政府形态。就哲学基础而言，霍布斯认为人性恶，其支撑的哲学基础是机械唯 物论；而洛克则认为人性本善，其支撑的哲学基础是经验主义。在契约内容上， 霍布斯认为人们通过授权的方式转让了自己全部的权利：而洛克则强调人们通过 信托的方式转让自己部分的权利。在契约特征上，霍布斯略持专制与集权主权者 I 不受契约约束，拥有绝对的权力：而洛克主张法治与分权，认为人民有自己的天 赋人权，认为人民拥有反抗的权力。他们所主张的契约精神对当今中国的发展仍 有启示。 关键词：霍布斯；洛克；社会契约论；比较 ，也 .1 4 、 AbstractIn Abstract In westem political philosophy，there exist many proof national political legitimacy theory，but most important，and the greatest impact is the”social contract theoryn．From Hobbes to Rousseau，and from Kant to Rawls，modem western mainstream political thinkers had insisted in”social contract theory”．The social contract theory is in inheriting predecessors’thoughts and develops on the basis of social contract theory， The theory’S basic principle is that the legitimate moral produces come from the agreement，people voluntarily by the commitments made by the disclaimer．Hobbes and Locke are the personages who represent the thought of the social contract in classical time．Their Social Contract discusses has the close historical perspective and the thou譬rht origin，but actually infers two kinds of completely different government shapes． The Social Contracts of Hobbes and Locke have four different aspects as logical beginning，COntract and contract potency．On the point of logical beginning，Hobbes thought that the people only have the sole inherent right．He thought also people have the rich inherent right in the natural state between humans forms the abstract equal relations．Through the authorized way,Hobbes thought that people have transferred the complete right；but Locke stressed what transfer is partial rights，and the transfer is completes the through the way of trust．In contract potency，Hobbes insisted that the contr￡Lct cannot restrain the sovereignty and the sovereignty has the a