论明代中后期海外贸易思想-专门史专业论文.docxVIP

y573254摘 y573254 摘 要 在中国古代的对外经济交流活动中，海外贸易占有相当大的比重。由于明代 开国初即厉行海禁，宋、元以来蓬勃发展的海上贸易一度衰落。明代中后期，海 外贸易再度兴盛．并呈现出了与以往不同的特点：私人海外贸易飞速发展，规模 庞大：私人海外贸易中心大量出现：与中国传统贸易圈之外的欧美等国家建立了 直接或间接的贸易关系；贸易中交换的主要商品不是奢侈品，而是生丝、瓷器等 日常用品。导致明中后期海外贸易出现新特点的主要原因是商品经济的高度发 达、社会分工的进一步细化以及资本主义萌芽出现后寻求海外市场的冲动；直接 诱因是随着15世纪末的地理大发现，国际市场已现雏形。代表新经济因素的阶 级或阶层，他们的利益和愿望总是通过一些思想家之口曲折地表现出来。开放海 外贸易论者与海禁论者展开了针锋相对的斗争。他们从批驳海禁论者的理论基础 入手，肯定海外贸易对沿海地区财政和人们生活的重要性，提出了许多积极的海 外贸易管理政策。本文通过对明代中后期海外贸易思想的理论基础、对经济现象 的分析以及政策构想三个方面进行梳理与归纳，剖析其产生的原因及本质。本文 最后对明朝中后期海外贸易思想进行了历史考察，通过对海禁政策的评价、中外 贸易思想的比较，揭示了明代中后期海外贸易思想的发展水平和轨迹以及它对社 会发展历史导向的偶然性和必然性。 关键词：明史海外贸易经济思想本质 AbstractIn Abstract In the extemally economic intercourse ofancient china,carrying tradc hold a si7_Pm ble proportion．Because the Ming dynasty carried out the ban on marMmc缸ade,∞vcl-e ly at its initial stages，flourishing carrying trade had declined OD one occasion since Son gdynasty and Yuan dynasty．Inthemediumlaterterm ofMing d)，nas；ycarryingtradc c赳ne on to renewed and presented many characteristics that、№re diffe把nt from old oh eS：private carrying trade developed at very fast speed,its dimensions were gigantic；th e center ofprivate carrying trade came out wi也largely；direct and indirect trade COaneC tions with occident were set up，which were exclusive from the circle oftraditional tra de in accident china：the major merchandise for exchange were not luxuryes but COmln odRies，黜raw silk and porcelain and so on．Primary leasons led to these Dew traits in t he medium-later term ofMing dynasty are followings：commodity economy waS hi曲l Y developed；the share of society was further thinner than before and the impulsion see king for abroad market welled up after the capitalism was sprouted．With the discovery ofgeography in the later 15th centl2Iy,the rudiment ofinternational market was direct i nducement．The class and estate representing newly economic factors recurred to some tllinkers to give voice to their behalfand desire circuitously．An intense quarrel broke o ut between supporters and dis