网络工程师：tcpip协议.pptVIP

Purpose: This graphic explains the format of UDP. Emphasize: UDP is simple and efficient but not reliable. The UDP segment format includes a source port, a destination port, a length field, and an optional checksum field. It has no sequencing, acknowledgments, or windowing. Example: TFTP uses a checksum. At the end of the transfer if the checksum does not match then the file did not make it. The user is notified and must type in the command again. As a result, the user has become the reliability mechanism. Transition: The next section discusses the network layer of the OSI model and how it corresponds to the TCP/IP internet layer. Purpose: This figure presents a list of the protocols operating at the Internet layer. Emphasize: Review the protocols briefly. They are covered in detail on the coming pages. Routing protocols are usually considered layer-management protocols that support the network layer. Purpose: This figure explains what is contained in an IP datagram. Emphasize: Discuss the format of the IP datagram. The current generation of IP is version 4. We need the Header Length (HLEN) and the Total Length in this example because the IP Options field allows a variable length. Time-To-Live (TTL) is a countdown field. Every station must decrement this number by one or by the number of seconds it holds onto the packet. When the counter reaches zero, the time to live expires and the packet is dropped. TTL keeps packets from endlessly wandering the internet in search of nonexistent destinations. The next generation of IP (called IPng) is IP version 6. It is covered in RFC 1752. Good references for this topic are Douglas Comer’s books on TCP/IP. Purpose: This figure explains the use of the protocol field. Emphasize: Protocol numbers connect, or multiplex, IP to the transport layer. These numbers are standardized in RFC 1700. Cisco uses these numbers in filtering with extended access lists. Purpose: This figure explains which messages are ICMP messag