上古国家与文明研究中年代学方法的反思.docxVIP

上古国家与文明研究中年代学方法的反 思 郭立新郭静云 中山大学社会学与人类学学院台湾中正大学历史系 摘要： 在当前上古及三代考古编年和历史复原研究屮，往往将经汉代人Z手编纂加工 过的二手文献全部当真，而将一手的考占资料降为证经补史和配合文献的工具， 企图通过考古发现和研究，在后世的“中央”一一郑洛地区的地下找到一元的 夏商王朝史，再透过从中央看四方，将所有的发明和创新都归功于中央，将四 方视为郑洛中央区的传播影响之地。本文指出类型学超范围运用是造成此种状况 的原因2—，进而分析了类型学应用的边界条件及其局限性。文章认为，夏商历 史复原研究必然涉及到大量跨区域跨文化的比较，这种情况下由于层位学的缺 失而使类型学分析往往难以提供严谨的答案，后者并不足以克服此类历史意识 形态的陷阱，甚至主动与后者合谋，而沦为强化历史意识形态的帮手。木文提出 在进行跨地区跨文化比较吋，务须首先通过碳十四测年方法构建跨区域跨文化 Z间的绝对和相对年代框架，以作为比较的基础和前提。鉴此，研究者需要充分 理解、掌握和利用碳十四测年这个重要的年代学工具，建立适当的碳十四测年数 据评估和分析方法。文章最后讨论了影响碳十四数据的各种因素以及评估鉴别方 法。 关键词： 上占史;年代学;碳十四;类型学; Reflections upon the Methodology of Chronology in Ancient Country Civilization Research Guo Lixin Guo Jingyun Abstract： In the study of archaeological chronology and historical restoration, historians tend to have absolute faith in historical literature and to regard archaeological discoveries (which are fist-hand material) as suppl ernentary. However in fact Chinese hi storical literature is the second-heind material, re-compiled and somctimes even rc-written by the scholars of Han dynasty. Historians attempt to use archaeological discoveries to found a unified history around the Zheng-Luo region where is the Chinese political Central Plain after Zhou Dynasty. They also think al1 the invention and innovation occurred on the Central Plain, then spread and influcnccd other regions. This paper trics to onalyze how this mis take is done when chronology is constructed by typology，and to explain conditions and limitations of typology. Because of the lack of stratigraphy, it is not only difficuIt to have a precise answer with typology, but it even sometimes becomes an instrument in ideologicing his to ry The eiut hors sugges t that before we do any cross-cultural and cross-regional comparison, we first have to construct an age framework based on the radiocarbon clates. Therefore, researchers need to fully un ders tand the radiocarbon dating t ech no logy and appropria tely assess its resuIts. Finally, the article discusses the various fact