六西格玛培训资料统计学基础解读.docVIP

1 Notes: 2 Notes: 3 Notes: 4 Notes: 5 Notes: Descriptive and inferential are the classic ways to divide statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to characterize populations. Inferential statistics is a relatively new way to draw conclusions about populations by using relatively small samples of data from the population. One of the goals of Six Sigma is to derive an inferential statistical model and then translate it into a practical processmodel. This is known as y = f(x. 6 Notes: Data is collected not to evaluate each individual data point, but to generate statistics. Statistics help to describe the process (or population and determine its behavior. As a process is delivering a good or service, an analyst can dipinto the stream of output, gather a representative sample, calculate the statistics of the sample, and then infer about thepopulation defined by the total process output. 7 Notes: Many questions about a process can be answered using statistics. The customer is interested in receiving product thatmeets specific characteristics. The process needs to be sampled to determine how well it is performing to the customer expectations. Statistics provides a quantitative means for examination. 8 Notes: There are four important attributes to a given process that needto be determined in order to fully profile performance. LOCATION –where the process output tends to clusterSPREAD –how much variation exists around the cluster pointSHAPE –what is the pattern of frequency CONSISTENCY –the snapshot analysis useful for decision-making 9 Notes: The mean is the most common measure of location (central tendency. However, if the data is skewed or not symmetric, the mean can be misleading. For symmetric distributions, the median and the mean are identical. The median is the center value in a list of data that is sorted in rank order. For an odd number of data points, the median is the middle value in the list. For an even number of data p