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Section Ⅲ Steelmaking The end products of continuous casting plants are square section billets (up to 250mm×250mm), and slabs which are about 300mm thick by 2500mm wide. Other shapes are also produced, including round bars and octagonal sections. 7 Continuous Casting of Steel Section Ⅲ Steelmaking Since the 1960s, continuous casting has steadily displaced ingot casting. The types of continuous casting machines, their listing likewise reflecting the historical development of this technique, are: vertical, bending and straightening, circular bow, oval bow. The evolution from one form to the next has been accompanied by a considerable reduction in overall height. Nowadays, there are further on going process developments in the continuous casting of steel, these include: horizontal continuous casting with stationary mould and continuous casting with moving belt or rotating rolls (double rollers), etc. 7 Continuous Casting of Steel Section Ⅲ Steelmaking In brief, the reasons for continuous-casting systems are: (1) lower investment outlay compared with that for a blooming train; (2) more productivity than with conventional ingot-casting; (3) high degree of consistency of steel composition along the whole length of the strand; better core quality, especially with flat strands; high inherent surface quality, leading to savings on an otherwise expensive surfacing process; (4) high degree of automation; (5) friendlier to the environment. 7 Continuous Casting of Steel Section Ⅲ Steelmaking 8 Steels of Types 8.1 Plain carbon steel 8.2 Alloy Steel Section Ⅲ Steelmaking 8 Steels of Types Steel grades can be subdivided according to chemical composition and service properties. According to chemical composition there are plain carbon steels and alloy steels. Section Ⅲ Steelmaking Steel theoretically is an alloy of iron and carbon. When produced commercially, however, certain other elements-notably manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon a