商务英语语用学教程课件 Chapter 4 Politeness principle(1).PPTVIP

Summary (1) As for benefit to other, try to express in a direct way; (2) In case of cost or disagreement to other, express in an indirect way; (3) If disagreement is unavoidable, try to use weak agreement first. Background 1950s, American scholar Goffman从戏剧的观点提出了面子行为理论，建立了礼貌模式。 他认为，人们的行为分为前台行为和后台行为两种。“脸面”是人类行为准则之一，渗透于人际行为之中。 显然，“面子功夫”是做给其他人看的“前台行为”。 Goffman同时指出，面子对于每个人都是神圣不可侵犯的。 面子的需求是相互的，一个人想要自己不丢面子，最保险的办法就是不去伤害他人的面子。 Austin and Searle: Speech Act Theory 1960s, Grice: Cooperative Principle 然而，格莱斯的合作原则和会话含义理论仍不能对语言本身的意义和语言的言外之力做出充分的解释 1970s, R. Lakoff 的礼貌三原则 不要强加于人(formality)；适用于交际双方权势和地位不均等的场合，如老师和学生、雇主和雇员之间 给对方留有余地和空间(hesitancy)；适用于交际双方权利地位平等，但社会关系不密切的场合，如商人与顾客 增进双方的友情(equality)；适用于好友、恋人之间 Brown Levinson’s Face Theory (FST) 他们认为，如果人们在交际中要互相合作，说话时就要在保留面子方面进行合作。在交际中为了给自己面子，也为了保留对方的面子，最好的办法就是使用礼貌语言。 面子进一步分为积极面子(positive face)和消极面子(negative face)。前者指人们希望获得他人的肯定和赞许。后者指人们有自主的自由，不希望别人强加于自己，自己的行为不受别人的干涉或阻碍。 Face Theory (or FST/FTT) Who: Brown Levinson Why: The relationship between indirect language and politeness is rather complicated. The social distance between the interlocuters and the need to be accepted by others also have impact on verbal politeness. Where: Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenonmena, 1978 Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, 1987 What: Being polite is to save others positive face and negative face. Face 面子 Face is our public self-image. Positive face积极面子、正面面子: our need to be accepted and liked by others and our need to feel that our social group shares common goal. Negative face消极面子、负面面子: our right to independence of action and our need not to be imposed on by others. Face 面子 Therefore, in actual communication, the speaker tries to build up the hearers positive face, while trying to avoid posing threats to the hearers negative face. ---何兆熊 Face 面子 But actually, the two kinds of face might be threatened in verbal communication.