语言学第6章课件.ppt

Chapter 6 Syntax 6.1 Syntax: Definition 6.2 Grammar, syntax and morphology 6.3 Syntagmatic, paradigmatic and hierarchical relations 6.4 IC Analysis, labeled IC Analysis, phrase markers, and labeled bracketing 6.5 Constituency and Dependency 6.6 TG Grammar 6.6.1 Surface structures and deep structures 6.6.2 Phrase structure rules 6.6.3 Transformational rules 6.7 Structural Ambiguity 6.8 The Theme-Rheme theory 6.1 Syntax: Definition Syntax is a study of sentences. If we avoid the concept of ‘word’, we can define syntax as the study of the interrelationships between elements of sentence structure, and of the rules governing the arrangement of sentences in sequences. In Baker’s (2001: 265) term, “syntax can be defined as the branch of linguistics that studies how the words of a language can be combined to make larger units, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences.” 6.2 Grammar, syntax and morphology 6.2 Grammar, syntax and morphology The traditional sense: it can be defined as “the knowledge and study of the morphological and syntactic regularities of a natural language” (Bussmann, 2000: 194). syntax American structural linguistics morphology Two parts of grammar: Morphology examines the internal structures of words and the word formation processes. Syntax is concerned with the relationships between words and phrases within a sentence. Sentences can be studied in two different ways: statically, we can describe the structures of sentences to illustrate the relationship among the elements of a sentence; and dynamically, we can study how sentences are generated by syntactic rules. 6.3 Syntagmatic, paradigmatic and hierarchical relations Three syntactic relations Syntagmatic is a fundamental term in linguistics, originally introduced by the Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure (2001), to refer to the sequential characteristics of speech, seen as a string of constituents in linear order. The relationships between constituent