中国古代机构英文翻译.docVIP

EARLY AND MID-QING INSTITUTIONS STRUCTURE OF THE METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT 中樞部 Principal Offices 內閣 The Grand Secretariat—Top government organ in charge of: Managing state affairs and ensuring that all officials discharged their duties properly; Transmitting routine memorials (題本)to the Emperor, with power to comment on these memorials; Issuing edicts for the Emperor; Presenting new metropolitan graduates to the Emperor; Recommending posthumous titles for deceased Emperors, Empresses and noteworthy officials; Keeping in custody the state and imperial seals. 軍機處 The Grand Council—Set up in 1729 as an advisory body; henceforth became the most important government organ in charge of: Recommending policies that pertained to militaiy affairs, frontier defense, finance, taxation and diplomacy; Handling confidential palace memorials (奏扌習 or 密摺)addressed to the Emperor; Appointing or dismissing officials at or above the 3rd rank (三品); Setting questions for Metropolitan Examinations (會試)and Palace Examinations (殿 試). 六部 The Six Boards 吏部 The Board of Civil Affairs — Managing the Civil Service; comprising 4 Bureaus: 文選司 The Bureau of Appointments — Supervising the selection, appointment, promotion, demotion and transfer of officials- 考功司 The Bureau of Scrutiny — Supervising the award and punishment of officials. 稽勳司 The Bureau of Records — Keeping complete and up-to-date records of officials. 驗封司 The Bureau of Titles-Regulating the bestowal of ranks and hereditary titles on officials. 戶部 The Board of Revenues — Collecting taxes and duties; paying nobles and civil servan(s; auditing accounts of central/provincial treasuries and granaries; keeping records of teiTitories and population; regulating currency/coinage and determining standards of weights/measurements (in conjunction with the Board of Public Works); issuing agricultural/commercial regulations and reviewing civil cases (in conjunction with the Board of Punishment). Multifarious duties carried out by 14 Bureaus based on