语言学基本知识.docxVIP

语言学的基本概念 1. What is linguistics? (1) The definition: Linguistics is usually defined as the scienee of Ian guage, or, alter natively, the scie ntific study of Ian guage. (2) The main branches of Linguistics:厂 Phonetics 语音学 Phono logy Morp hology Syn tax Sema ntics Pragmatics 2. General Linguistics Applied Linguistics (1) The main differenee k Gen eral Lin guistics: 理论研究, App lied Lin guistics: 应用研究, (2) The main branches of each 音位学 形态学 句法学 语义学 语用学 研究对象为人类所有语言 语言在各个领域的实际应用 r Gen eral Lin guistics: phon etics, phono logy, morp hology, syn tax, sema ntics, Pragmatics App lied Lin guistics: Socioli nguistics, Psycholi nguistics, P hysiological Phon elics, etc. (P age 64, P ara1) Note:上述应用语言学分分支，指的是广义的应用语言学的分支，狭义的应用 语言学只指语言教学 3. Important distinctions in Linguistics (1) Descriptive Linguistics . Prescriptive Linguistics Don t say X. Don t say X. scri ptive comma nd People don t say X a descri ptive stateme nt The dist in cti on lies in p rescrib ing how things ought to be and describ ing how things are. Prescri ptive Lin guistics: 规定正确的用法，按照此规定使用语言 Descri ptive Lin guistics: 语言的实际用法 (2) Synchronic Linguistics . Diachronic Linguistics —Saussure Diachronic Linguistics: the study of Ianguage through the course of its history. Synchronic Lin guistics: the study of Ian guage, which takes a fixed in sta nt as its point of observati on. ⑶ Speech . Writing Sp eech: com muni catio n by word of mouth Writ ing: symbol of la nguage (4) Langue . Parole Lan gue: the com mon p ossessi on of a sp eech com munity 言语活动中社 会成员共同使用的部分.是社会共有的交际工具。 P arole: the actual phenomena or data of lin guistics 语言上的实际 表现或语料，在具体场合下的具体话语。 (5) Competenee . Performanee ---Chomsky Competenee: a Ianguage user s underlying knowiedge about the system of rules of his Ian guage Performa nee: the actual use of Ian guage in con crete situati ons. What we do whe n we sp eak or liste n. Phonetics 语音学 1. Definition The study of the pronunciation （including how sounds are made, transmitted, and received 发出， 传递， 感