发育生物学胚胎细胞的相互作用诱导作用.pptVIP

发育生物学胚胎细胞的相互作用诱导作用;Hans Spemann 及晶状体移植试验; 第一节 初级胚胎诱导 一、组织者发觉（1921-1924） 组织者: 能够诱导外胚层形成神经系统, 并能和其她组织一起调整成为中轴器官胚孔背唇部分。 二、初级胚胎诱导各阶段细胞间相互作用 初级胚胎诱导=神经诱导（neural induction） 初级胚胎诱导三个阶段（爪蟾为例） （一）中胚层形成和分区(卵裂期) （二）神经诱导--脊索诱导背部外胚层形成神经外胚层并深入分化 （三）中枢神经系统区域化;Figure 10.20. Organization of a secondary axis by dorsal blastopore lip tissue. (A) Dorsal lip tissue from an early gastrula is transplanted into another early gastrula in the region that normally becomes ventral epidermis. (B) The donor tissue invaginates and forms a second archenteron, and then a second embryonic axis. Both donor and host tissues are seen in the new neural tube, notochord, and somites. (C) Eventually, a second embryo forms that is joined to the host. (D) Structure of the dorsal blastopore lip region in an early Xenopus gastrula. (A-C after Hamburger 1988; D after Winklbauer and Schürfeld 1999 and Arendt and Nübler-Jung 1999.) ;试验: 单独培养; 组合培养 组合培养结果: 预定外胚层细胞在植物极内胚层细胞释放因子诱导下分化为中胚层 中胚层诱导模式: ---- 最背部植物极细胞（Nieuwkoop中心）诱导背部中胚层（体节、脊索和组织者） ---- 腹部和侧部植物极细胞（靠近精子入卵一侧）诱导腹部（间充质和血液）和中间 （肌肉和肾脏）中胚层形成;Figure 10.21. Summary of experiments by Nieuwkoop and by Nakamura and Takasaki (1970), showing mesodermal induction by vegetal endoderm. (A) Isolated animal cap cells become a mass of ciliated epidermis, isolated vegetal cells generate gutlike tissue, and isolated equatorial (marginal zone) cells become mesoderm. (B) If animal cap cells are combined with vegetal cap cells, many of the animal cells generate mesodermal tissue. (C) Model for mesoderm induction in Xenopus. A ventral signal (probably FGF2 or BMP4) is released throughout the vegetal region of the embryo. This induces the marginal cells to become mesoderm. On the dorsal side (away from the point of sperm entry), a signal is released by the vegetal cells of the Nieuwkoop center. This dorsal signal induces the formation of the Spemann organizer in the overlying marginal zone cells. The possible identity of this signal will be