手术病人的心里特点与心理护理.pptVIP

（3）强化社会支持： 积极向病人家人及朋友提供疾病及手术的信息，鼓励并指导他们在精神、情感、经济等方面给予大理支持，使病人获得温暖、信心和力量，减轻术前焦虑。 （4）保证充足睡眠： 必要时按医嘱给予抗焦虑、镇静安眠药物。 * 2.手术中病人的心理护理 ⑴ 病人进入手术室后，护士应热情接待、亲切问候，主动介绍手术环境、经验丰富的医师，增强病人对手术的信心。 ⑵ 手术室应保持安静、整洁、床单无血迹、手术器械需掩蔽。 ⑶ 医护人员谈话应轻柔和谐，遇到意外需冷静，勿惊慌失措，忌大声喊叫。 ⑷ 当病人清醒时，医护人员不说令病人恐惧、担心的话，如“大出血，止血困难”、“包块太大”、“广泛转移了”等 ⑸ 不谈论与手术无关的话题，不闲谈嬉笑，不窃窃私语，以免病人误解。 * 3.手术后病人的心理护理 及时反馈手术信息 处理术后疼痛等不适 帮助病人克服负性情绪 做好出院心理护理 * （1）及时反馈手术信息： 当病人麻醉苏醒后，医护人员应告知手术顺利完成并达到了预期目的，使其放心。 （2）处理术后疼痛等不适： 护士可从病人的表情、姿势等非语言表达方式中观察疼痛情况，鼓励用语言表达疼痛。指导病人采用非药物措施，如数数字、听音乐、放松技术等方法分散注意力，减轻疼痛。 * （3）帮助病人克服负性情绪： 即根据病人自身的病情特点、手术情况、手术后检查情况来评价，使其认识到自己正处于康复之中。还需强化病人的社会心理支持系统，鼓励其亲朋好友勤探视，帮助病人克服消极情绪。 （4）做好出院心理准备： 护士应向病人进行出院后饮食、自我锻炼、心理调适、定期复查等方面的健康教育，帮助病人做好出院的心理准备。 * * * Speaker Notes Use this space for overall notes and general comments. Simply select this text and replace it with your own comments. Summary Heading. Text. Heading. Text. Heading. Text. Heading. Text. * Many people do not understand that ethics are situation-specific and time-based -- and business ethics are no exception. Teaching Tip: But this does not mean that ethics are capricious or unimportant. In fact, all societies have a code of ethics and more businesses than ever recognize that a strong code of ethics is good business: it can protect the company from internal wrong-doing and possible legal liability, and, for marketers, serve as a strong foundation upon which to build long-term customer relationships. Ethical development can be thought of as having three levels: Preconventional Morality. This childlike level is calculating and self-centered. As a selfish morality, it is typically based upon what is likely to be immediately rewarded or punished. Conventional Morality. At this level the focus moves away from the self and toward the expectations (conventions) of the society in which the individual lives. Loyalty