Chemistry of PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES：化学化工过程.ppt

From Acetylene and Acetone: A three-step process developed by Snamprogetti is based on the reaction of acetylene and acetone in liquid ammonia in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide. The product, methylbutynol, is then hydrogenated to methylbutenol followed by dehydration at 250–300°C over an acidic heterogeneous catalyst. Carbon black Carbon black is an extremely fine powder of great commercial importance, especially for the synthetic rubber industry. The addition of carbon black to tires lengthens its life extensively by increasing the abrasion and oil resistance of rubber. Carbon black consists of elemental carbon with variable amounts of volatile matter and ash. There are several types of carbon blacks, and their characteristics depend on the particle size, which is mainly a function of the production method. Carbon black is produced by the partial combustion or the thermal decomposition of natural gas or petroleum distillates and residues. Petroleum products rich in aromatics such as tars produced from catalytic and thermal cracking units are more suitable feedstocks due to their high carbon/hydrogen ratios. These feeds produce blacks with a carbon content of approximately 92 wt%. Coke produced from delayed and fluid coking units with low sulfur and ash contents has been investigated as a possible substitute for carbon black. Three processes are currently used for the manufacture of carbon blacks. These are the channel, the furnace, and the thermal processes. The furnace black process This is a more advanced partial combustion process. The feed is first preheated and then combusted in the reactor with a limited amount of air. The hot gases containing carbon particles from the reactor are quenched with a water spray and then further cooled by heat exchange with the air used for the partial combustion. The type of black produced depends on the feed type and the furnace temperature. The average particle diameter of the blacks from the oil furnac