大学思辨英语教程精读4教学课件Unit_12.pptx

Unit 12 The Good Society;;;;Critical Thinking ;Lead in;Lead in;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge;Background Knowledge; ; ;Rousseau claims that social order is based on conventions rather than nature. What does he mean by “convention”?; ; ;1. In what respect is the family comparable to political societies? In what sense is it different from the latter?;Second, the family is united by convention, not the natural bond. Union due to natural necessity is highly dissoluble as that necessity diminishes quickly when children grow up and gain rationality. The fact that the family still exists long after children become rational is powerful proof that their union is grounded not on necessity but on principles generally accepted by all family members. Finally, the family is “the first model of political societies.” Though earlier in time and smaller in scale, the family works by similar mechanism as political societies. Both are united by deliberate human act (choice) instead of the natural bond, and both works on a strict power hierarchy with the leader on the top and others below him in different ranks. The major difference lies in the reward leaders of both institutions can get: in a family it is kids’ affection, whereas in a society, it is “the pleasure of ruling.”;2. What do Grotius, Hobbes, Caligula and Aristotle say about the relationship between leaders and the people? What is the common ground of their different statements about human relationships?;This relationship seems to be proven by historical reality, as the Roman Emperor Caligula’s proudly claimed that kings are gods, or as the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle earnestly stated that some people were born to be slaves. Grotius, Hobbes, Caligula, and Aristotle all start from the same hierarchical premise that predetermined the dominance of