管理会计之预算.ppt

Budgeting;Lecture Objectives;What is a Budget?; ‘A plan quantified in monetary terms, prepared approved prior to a defined period of time, usually showing planned income to be generated /or expenditure to be incurred during that period, the capital to be employed to attain a given objective.’ (CIMA) ; A quantitative expression of a plan of action;Definitions are sometimes not that helpful ; ‘A plan quantified in monetary terms, prepared approved prior to a defined period of time, usually showing planned income to be generated /or expenditure to be incurred during that period, the capital to be employed to attain a given objective.’ (CIMA) ;Budgeting remains the most widespread form of accounting-based management control tool: It is overwhelmingly popular: over 85% of European companies surveyed use Budgeting for financial year forecasting. (CIMA Management accounting survey, 2009)Budgeting is commonly favoured by large firms.;(2) There are many types of Budgets;Incremental (line-item) Budgets: Use historical data cost relationships – add/subtract from previous year’ budgets e.g Sales last year ￡42,000,000 This year add projected 10% increase in sales This year’s budgeted sales ￡46,200,000 (Alter other costs according to other estimates of change - materials, labour……….etcetera) A lot of corporate budgeting is incremental ;ii) Comprehensive Budgets: Fixed Budget: a budget that sets maximum expenditure limits Flexed Budget : a budget revised at the end of the budget period using actual output levels Continuous/Rolling Budget: Budget updated as new information emerges/Roll forward budgeting period (e.g. add quarter deduct last one - yearly budget) Brand X budgets: ZBB PPBS ;‘Brand X’ Comprehensive Budgets: 1) ZBB (ZERO BASED BUDGETS) all expenditures must be justified for each new period (as opposed to only explaining the amounts requested in excess of the previous periods funding) Each department justifies its funding every year. Funding has a b