论霍桑对超验主义的矛盾态度.docx

PAGE 8 PAGE 8 题 目： 论霍桑对超验主义的矛盾态度 摘 要 　　纳撒尼尔·霍桑是19世纪美国浪漫主义时期影响最大的小说家之一。在充分传承前人经验的基础上，他立足本民族独特的文化背景，通过细致的笔调深入探索社会现实，发掘人类思想与灵魂深处的真相。霍桑的诸多作品与流行于当时的超验主义哲学有着密不可分的联系。文章立足于霍桑的《红字》《福谷传奇》《玉石人像》等代表作品，从霍桑与超验主义的精神契合、对超验主义的温和反叛两个方面解读他对于超验主义哲学的态度。一方面，他的创作传达出了与“万物有灵”、超验感应精神相契合的主张，也对依靠自立、自助达到的自我救赎表现出高度赞扬；另一方面，他与超验主义者持有不同的人性观，亦反对极端个人主义和激进社会改革。霍桑对超验主义的矛盾态度与宗教带给他的二重感受，以及他的个人经历和气质密不可分。他对社会、人生的思考和探索，仍然能够为我们解决当今社会问题提供启示与借鉴。 关键词：霍桑；超验主义；矛盾 2Abstract 　　Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most influential American romanticists in the nineteen century.On the basis of inheriting the predecessors and the cultural background of his own nation, Hawthorne explored the real situation in the depths of human thought and spirit through exquisite writing.Many of his works were closely related to the popular philosophy of Transcendentalism at that time.This paper intends to base on Hawthornes representative works such as The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun.Hawthornes attitude towards transcendentalism is explained from two aspects: his spiritual correspondence with transcendentalism and his mild rebellion against transcendentalism.On one hand,as displayed in some of his works the idea of animism,transcendental induction,self-examination,self-reliance embodied to some extent the connotation of transcendentalism.On the other hand,he held a different view of human nature from the Transcendentalists,also opposed extreme individualism and radical social change.Hawthornes contradictory attitude towards Transcendentalism is closely related to his dual feelings brought by religion, as well as his personal experience and temperament.We further explore the meaning of Hawthornes thought, which can also provide inspiration and reference for us to solve the current social problems. 　　Key words: Hawthorne，Transcendentalism，contradiction 引 言 　　19世纪30年代，超验主义思潮在新英格兰地区兴起，拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生是此种思潮的核心成员，玛格丽特·富勒、亨利·戴维·梭罗、艾勒利·钱宁等是主要代表人物，观点多发表于超验主义俱乐部创办的杂志—— 《日晷》。超验主义运动质疑权威，反对加尔文教对人性的禁锢，质疑宗教规定人们的思