分子生物学核小体.pptxVIP

分子生物学核小体第1页/共53页第2页/共53页染色体Figure CO: X chromosome in blue第3页/共53页2.1.1 染色体概述染色体(chromosome)是细胞核中载有遗传信息的物质，在显微镜下呈丝状或棒状，由核酸和蛋白质组成，在细胞发生有丝分裂时期容易被碱性染料着色，因此而得名。同一物种内每条染色体所带DNA的量是一定的，但不同染色体或不同种中间变化很大。 原核细胞染色体外裹着稀疏的蛋白质，其中一部分与DNA的折叠有关，另一些则参与DNA复制、重组及转录过程。真核细胞的染色体中，DNA与蛋白质完全融合在一起，其蛋白质与相应DNA的质量比约为1:1.第4页/共53页chromosome – A discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes. Each consists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an approximately equal mass of proteins.It is visible as a morphological entity only during cell division.第5页/共53页原核细胞染色体 (类核Nucleoid) A thin section shows the bacterial nucleoid as a compact mass in the center of the cell第6页/共53页The nucleoid spills out of a lysed E. coli cell in the form of loops of a fiber第7页/共53页The bacterial genome consists of a large number of loops of duplex DNA第8页/共53页FIGURE 08: An unrestrained supercoil in the DNA path creates tension, but no tension is transmitted along DNA when a supercoil is restrained by protein binding第9页/共53页真核细胞染色体The sister chromatids of a mitotic pair each consist of a fiber (~30 nm in diameter) compactly folded into the chromosome第10页/共53页类核；染色质；包装比例nucleoid – The structure in a prokaryotic cell that contains the genome.The DNA is bound to proteins and is not enclosed by a membrane.chromatin – The state of nuclear DNA and its associated proteins during the interphase (between mitoses) of the eukaryotic cell cycle.packing ratio – The ratio of the length of DNA to the unit length of the fiber containing it.第11页/共53页Specific Sequences Attach DNA to an Interphase Matrix（分裂间期基质）DNA is attached to the nuclear matrix at specific sequences called MARs or SARs.The MARs are A-T-rich but do not have any specific consensus sequence.chromosome scaffold（支架） – A proteinaceous structure in the shape of a sister chromatid pair, generated when chromosomes are depleted of histones.第12页/共53页Chromatin Is Divided into Euchromatin and HeterochromatinRegions of heterochromatin remain densely packed throughout interphase.chrom