医学英语教程-生物医学：Unit 8 Health Effect of 9-11.docxVIP

Unit 8 Short-term and Medium-term Health Effects of 9/11 Part I. Background: 1. Chrysotile or white asbestos温石棉 （白石棉）（Para 1） is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in place in the United States. The diameter of the fibre bundles is 0.1–1 μm, (1 μm = one-thousandth of a millimetre, 0.001 mm) and the individual fibrils are even finer, 0.02–0.03 μm, each fibre bundle containing tens or hundreds of fibrils. 2. Cross-sectional studies (横向研究) （P92） are a form of research methods that involve observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. They differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. 3.A longitudinal study （纵向研究）（P92） is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades. 4. Panic attacks 无端恐惧症、无端恐慌 (P92) are periods of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of variable duration of minutes to hours. Panic attacks usually begin abruptly, may reach a peak within 10 minutes, but may continue for much longer if the sufferer had the attack triggered by a situation from which they are not able to escape. Sufferers of panic attacks often report a fear or sense of dying, going crazy, or experiencing a heart attack or flashing vision, feeling faint or nauseated, a numb sensation throughout the body, heavy breathing (and almost always, hyperventilation), or losing control of themselves. 5.Agoraphobia 广场恐惧症 (P93) (from Greek, marketplaceAgora; and, -phobia；fear) is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives the environment as being difficult to escape or get help. These situations include, but are not