医学英语教程-生物医学：Unit 3 Pain.docxVIP

Unit 3 Pain Modulation and Management Part I. Text background 1. Introduction – Pain Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the reticular activating system in the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility and readiness to respond. Arousal is important in regulating consciousness, attention, and information processing. It is crucial for motivating certain behaviours, such as mobility, the pursuit of nutrition, the fight-or-flight response and sexual activity. Meanings of “Pain” acute, agonizing, awful, extreme, great, intense, severe, sharp, terrible, unbearable ~ 剧痛；折磨人的痛；钻心的痛；无法忍受的痛 burning, searing, stabbing, throbbing ~ 灼痛；刀割般的痛；刺痛； 抽痛: dull, little, slight ~ 隐隐的疼痛；轻微的疼痛 chronic, constant, persistent ~ 长期的疼痛；持续的疼痛；难以消除的疼痛 intermittent ~ 间歇的疼痛 physical ~ 肉体上的痛苦 abdominal, back, chest, leg, muscle, shoulder, stomach ~ 腹痛；背疼；胸痛；腿疼；肌肉痛； 肩膀痛； 胃痛: growing, labour, period ~ 发育期痛；分娩时的阵痛；痛经 痉挛痛 cramps ; crampy (cramping) pain; spasmodic ~ 搏动痛 throbbing(pounding, thumping, pulsating) ~ 转移性痛 radiating ~; pain with radiation 牵连痛 referred ~ 电击痛 lightning (fulgurant, shooting) ~ 带状痛 girdle ~ 灼热痛 burning ~ 刺状痛 lancinating; piercing; stinging; darting; stabbing ~ 2. The placebo effect ( analgesic effect ) Placebo (Latin for I will please) is a substance given to a patient instead of medicine that produces a beneficial, healthy, pleasant, or desirable consequence in a subject, as a direct result of that subjects beliefs and expectations. The nocebo effect Nocebo : (Latin for I will harm)