绿色化学：第三章 设计安全无毒化学品.pptVIP

GeneralPrinciplestructure-activityrelationshipscanbeusedtodesignnew,analogoussubstancessuchthatthebiologicalactivityiseithermaximized(inthecaseofdrugsubstances)orminimized(inthecaseofcommercialchemicalsubstances).ExamplesofDesigningSaferChemicalsusingQualitativeSARSPolyethoxylatedNonylphenols(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚)GlycidylEthers（缩水甘油醚）1，2，4-Triazole-3-thione（1，2，4-三唑-3-硫酮）CarboxylicAcids（羧酸）PolyethoxylatedNonylphenols(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚)C9H19—C6H4—O(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OHn＜14orn＞29，nosucheffectsN=14~29intensemyocardialnecrosisGlycidylethers(缩水甘油醚为)CH2—CH—（O—CH2）nCH3On=7~9，mutagenic,testicularlesionsn=11~13,nosuchtoxicityl,2,4-Triazole-3-thiones

(1，2，4-三唑-3-硫酮)Thethiocarboxamide(-C-N)groupisfoundinavarietyofcommercialsubstances.However,thethiocarboxamidegroupisoftentoxicophoric.Manythiocarboxamidesaretoxictothethyroidgland(甲状腺)(i.e.,thyrotoxic(甲状腺机能亢进的)).Thestructureandtoxicityofsubstitutedl,2,4-Triazole-3-thiones(1，2，4-三唑-3-硫酮)GeneralR1R2R3RelativeToxicityStructureCH3HH1.0HCH3H1.2HHCH3212.0CH3HCH37.1HHC6H5－5.7CH3CH3H4.7HHH3.6CarboxylicAcids（羧酸）（C）—C—C—C—CO2Hn 432carboxylicacidscancauseliverpoisoningandteratogeniceffect(畸胎作用).safestructure:C2上没有取代基或全为取代基C2与C3之间或C3与C4之间有双键时，2.DistributionDistributionreferstothemovementofachemicalthroughthelivingsystemfromitssitesofentryintothebloodstreamfollowingabsorption.Therateofdistributionoforgansortissuesisprimarilydeterminedbybloodflowandtherateofdiffusionoutofthecapillariesintothe