全球经济中的外包：传统的信息技术外包，离岸外包和业务流程外包外文原文.pdfVIP

Outsourcing in a Global Economy: Traditional Information Technology Outsourcing, Offshore Outsourcing, and Business Process Outsourcing Rudy Hirschheim and Jens Dibbern 1 Introduction The notion of outsourcing – making arrangements with an external entity for the provision of goods or services to supplement or replace internal efforts – has been around for centuries. Kakabadse and Kakabadse (2002) track one of the earliest occurrences of outsourcing to the ancient Roman Empire, where tax collection was outsourced. In the early years of American history, the production of wagon covers was outsourced to Scotland, where they used raw material imported from India in the production process (Kelly 2002). Outsourcing remained popular in the manufacturing sector, with part of the assembling in many industries being sub-contracted to other organizations and locations where the work could be done more efficiently and cheaply (Vaze, 2005). Commenting on this unstoppable trend, Pastin and Harrison (1974) wrote that such outsourcing of manufacturing functions was creating a new form of organization which they termed the “hollow corporation” (i.e., an organiza- tion that designs and distributes, but does not produce anything). They note that such an organizational form would require considerable changes in the way organizations were managed. While they limited their research to the role of management in the hollow corporation, they comment on the substantial (and unpleasant) social and economic changes that the outsourcing of manufacturing was causing. It was not long before the idea of outsourcing was applied to the procurement of information technology (IT) services also. While the current wave of IT outsourc- ing can be traced back to EDS’ deal with Blue Cross in the early sixties, it was the landmark Kodak deal in 1989 that won acceptance for IT outsourci