教育教学中华文明史(英文)名词解释超级整合版.doc

Introduction to Chinese Civilizations 1.The Yellow Emperor The?Yellow Emperor?or?Huangdi?(also transliterated as?Huang-ti?and?Hwang-ti) is one of the legendary?Chinese sovereigns(君主)?and?culture heroes included among the?Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Tradition holds that Huangdi reigned from 2697 to 2597?or 2696 to 2598 BC.?Huangdis cult（崇拜） was particularly prominent（著名的） in the late?Warring States　and early?Han period, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, a cosmic（宇宙的） ruler, and a patron（保护人） of esoteric（机密的） arts. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations（创新）, the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator（创始人） of Chinese civilization, and said to be the ancestor of all?Huaxia Chinese. 2.Beijing Man Peking Man?(Chinese:?北京猿人;?pinyin:?Běijīng Yuánrén),?Homo erectus pekinensis, is an example of?Homo erectus. A group of fossil specimens（样品） was discovered in 1923–27 during excavations（挖掘出的古迹） at?Zhoukoudian?(Chou Kou-tien) near?Beijing?(written Peking before the adoption of the?Pinyin?romanization system),?China. More recently, the finds have been dated from roughly 750,000 years ago,。 3.Oracle bones Oracle bones?(Chinese:?甲骨;?pinyin:?jiǎgǔ) are pieces of shell or bone, normally from ox?scapulae?（牛的肩胛骨）or turtle?plastrons（海龟的贝壳）, which were used for ?scapulimancy（肩胛骨占卜术）?or?plastromancy（占星术）,?respectively?– a form of?divination?（预言）– in ancient China, mainly during the late?Shang dynasty?By the?Zhou dynasty,?cinnabar?ink and brush became the preferred writing method, resulting in fewer carved inscriptions and often blank oracle bones being unearthed. The oracle bones bear the earliest known significant corpus of ancient?Chinese writing?and contain important historical information such as the complete royal genealogy （王室谱系）of the Shang dynasty.?When they were discovered and deciphered（破译） in the early twentieth century, these records confirmed the existence of the Shang, which?some scholars?had unti