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Unit 1 Language and language learning 1.2 views on language in the structural view, language is a system of structurally related elements which include phonological units, grammatical units, grammatical operations, lexical items to transmission of meaning. Therefore the target of language learning is to mastery these elements. 结构观把语言看做是结构上相关联的元素的系统，包括语音单位，语法单位，语法操作，词项。语言学习目标是掌握这些元素。 In the communicative/functional view, language is regards as a vehicle for express functional meaning. Although the grammatical characteristics are included, however, the semantic and communicative dimensions of language are more emphasized. In this view the target of language learning is to learn to express communication functions and categories of meaning. 交际/功能观，语言是表达功能性意义的载体。虽然语法特点依然包括在内，但更强调语言的语义和交际层面。因此语言学习目标是学习表达通讯功能和意义类别。 The last one is the interactional view of language, it sees language is the means for establishing and maintaining relationship between people, and for performing social transactions between individuals. So the target of language learning is initiate and maintain conversations with others. 交际观，语言是建立和维持人与人关系，执行社交的方法。语言学习目标，发起并维持对话 1.3 views on language learning and learning in general 课本定义 1.4 elements contribute to qualities of a good language teacher 1.5 how can one become a good language teacher? Unit 2 Communicative principles and task-based language teaching The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is: to enable the learners to use the foreign language in work or life. 2.2 communicative competence 定义谁给出? (Hymes) Hedge的解释 Linguistic competence. 语言能力是指理解语言本身，语言形式及其意义的能力。语言能力包含了拼写、发音、词汇、构词、语法、句型和语义等方面的能力。语言能力是交际能力的基石，一个不可缺少的组成部份。 pragmatic competence语用能力是指学习者在特定的语境中针对特定的对象知道如何合适清晰地表达自己的意图的能力。用 Hymes 的话说就是知道 “何时说，何时不说，和谁，什么时间，什么地点，以什么方式说些什么” 。 discourse competence 篇章能力是指在口语或书面语中理解或创造连贯的上下文内容的能力，或称话语能力。strategic competence策略能力是指如何在一个真实的交际情景下保持交际渠道通畅的能力。它包括以下三个方面：1) 在口语和书面语冒险一试的能力；2)使用具体交际策略的能力；3)习得具体交际策略中的常用语言形式。 fluency 语言流畅 语言流畅是指自如地把言语单元有效连结起来的能力