ppt课件-introductionto descriptive statistics- m i t（introductionto描述性统计- m我t）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-introductionto descriptive statistics- m i t（introductionto描述性统计- m我t）.ppt

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* * * * * * * * Draw the box plots for the different types of schools . graph box totalscore, by(recodedtype) Draw the box plots for the different types of schools using “over” option graph box totalscore, over(recodedtype) Three words about pie charts: don’t use them So, what’s wrong with them For non-time series data, hard to get a comparison among groups; the eye is very bad in judging relative size of circle slices For time series, data, hard to grasp cross-time comparisons Some words about graphical presentation Aspects of graphical integrity (following Edward Tufte, Visual Display of Quantitative Information) Main point should be readily apparent Show as much data as possible Write clear labels on the graph Show data variation, not design variation * -needs better examples Freedman: statistics -Chapter 3 is about histograms –has selective breeding of rats example -Chapter 4 is about mean and standard deviation * * Mu, Sigma, beta * * * * * * * * * -use ideological polarization * * * * * battery of cognitive tests including vocabulary, reading, mathematics, science, writing, civics, spatial orientation, and visualization * * * * * * 1=public school, 2=religious private, 3 = non-sectarian private -note say about half an hour up to this point * * * * Introduction to Descriptive Statistics 17.871 Key measuresDescribing data Moment Non-mean based measure Center Mean Mode, median Spread Variance (standard deviation) Range, Interquartile range Skew Skewness -- Peaked Kurtosis -- Key distinctionPopulation vs. Sample Notation Population vs. Sample Greeks Romans μ, σ, β s, b Mean Variance, Standard Deviation Variance, S.D. of a Sample Degrees of freedom Binary data Normal distribution example IQ SAT Height “No skew” “Zero skew” Symmetrical Mean = median = mode SkewnessAsymmetrical distribution Income Contribution to candidates Populations of countries “Residual vote” rates “Positive skew” “Right skew” SkewnessAsymmetrical distribution GPA of MIT students