Origin of life PCMAC生命的起源 pcmac.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Needham’s Results Needham’s experiments seemed to support the idea of spontaneous generation. People didn’t realize bacteria were already present in Needham’s soups. Needham didn’t boil long enough to kill the microbes. * Needham’s Experiment * Lazzaro Spallanzani’s (1765) Boiled soups for almost an hour and sealed containers by melting the slender necks closed. The soups remained clear. Later, he broke the seals the soups became cloudy with microbes. * Spallanzani’s Results * Conclusion Critics said sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive and that prolonged heating destroyed “life force”. Therefore, spontaneous generation remained the theory of the time. * The Theory Finally Changes * How Do Microbes Arise? By 1860, the debate had become so heated that the Paris Academy of Sciences offered a prize for any experiments that would help resolve this conflict. The prize was claimed in 1864 by Louis Pasteur, as he published the results of an experiment he did to disproved spontaneous generation in microscopic organisms. * Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) * Pasteurs Problem Hypothesis: If the dust in the air is not allowed into broth, then microbes will not exist in broth, because microbes live and feed on dust particles in the Pasteur put broth into several special S-shaped flasks to trap dust particles. Each flask was boiled and placed at various locations. * Pasteurs Experiment - Step 1 Create S-shaped Flask - The special shape was intended to trap any dust particles containing bacteria. Fill with broth * Pasteurs Experiment - Step 2 Flasks boiled Microbes Killed * Pasteurs Experiment - Step 3 Flask left at various locations Did not turn cloudy Microbes not found Notice the dust that collected in the neck of the flask * Pasteurs Experimental Results * Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. Proved microbes only come from other microbes (life f