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Nonextensive statistical mechanics Some links with astronomical phenomena.pdf

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Nonextensive statistical mechanics Some links with astronomical phenomena

a r X i v : c o n d - m a t / 0 3 0 1 5 9 0 v 1 [ c o n d - m a t .s t a t - m e c h ] 3 0 J a n 2 0 0 3 Nonextensive statistical mechanics: Some links with astronomical phenomena ? Constantino Tsallis Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F??sicas Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Domingo Prato Facultad de Matematica, Astronomia y Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina Angel R. Plastino ? Facultad de Ciencias Astronomicas y Geofisicas Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, CC 727, 1900 La Plata, Argentina and Departament de Fisica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (February 2, 2008) Abstract A variety of astronomical phenomena appear to not satisfy the ergodic hypothesis in the relevant stationary state, if any. As such, there is no reason ?To appear in the Proceedings of the XIth United Nations / European Space Agency Workshop on Basic Space Sciences, Office for Outer Space Affairs / United Nations (Cordoba, 9-13 Septem- ber 2002), ed. H. Haubold, special issue of Astrophysics and Space Science (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2003). ?tsallis@cbpf.br, prato@.ar, vdfsarp9@clust.uib.es 1 for expecting the applicability of Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) statistical mechan- ics. Some of these phenomena appear to follow, instead, nonextensive sta- tistical mechanics. In the same manner that the BG formalism is based on the entropy SBG = ?k ∑ i pi ln pi, the nonextensive one is based on the form Sq = k(1? ∑ i p q i )/(q?1) (with S1 = SBG). The stationary states of the former are characterized by an exponential dependence on the energy, whereas those of the latter are characterized by an (asymptotic) power-law. A brief review of this theory is given here, as well as of some of its applications, such as the solar neutrino problem, polytropic self-gravitating systems, galactic peculiar velocities, cosmic rays and some cosmological aspects. In addition to these, an analogy with the Keplerian ellipti