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Nonextensive thermodynamics of a cluster consisting of $M$ Hubbard dimers ($M=1,2,3$ and $i.pdf

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Nonextensive thermodynamics of a cluster consisting of $M$ Hubbard dimers ($M=1,2,3$ and $i

a r X i v : c o n d - m a t / 0 5 0 1 1 2 6 v 4 [ c o n d - m a t .s t a t - m e c h ] 3 1 O c t 2 0 0 5 1 Nonextensive Thermodynamics of a Cluster consisting of M Hubbard Dimers (M = 1, 2, 3 and ∞) ?) Hideo Hasegawa ??) Department of Physics, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan (Received Mmmmm DD, 2005) The thermodynamical property of a small cluster including M Hubbard dimers, each of which is described by the two-site Hubbard model, has been discussed within the nonex- tensive statistics (NES). We have calculated temperature and magnetic-field dependences of the specific heat and susceptibility for M = 1, 2, 3 and ∞, assuming the relation between M and the entropic index q given by q = 1 + 1/M , which was previously derived by several methods. For relating the physical temperature T to the Lagrange multiplier β, two methods have been adopted: T = 1/kBβ in the method A [Tsallis et al. Physica A 261 (1998) 534], and T = cq/kBβ in the method B [Abe et al. Phys. Lett. A 281 (2001) 126], where kB denotes the Boltzman constant, cq = ∑ i pqi , and pi the probability distribution of the ith state. A comparison between the results calculated by the two methods suggests that the method B may be more appropriate than the method A for small-scale systems. §1. Introduction In the last several years, much study has been made with the use of nonextensive statistics (NES) which was initiated by Tsallis.1)–4) Before discussing the NES, let’s recall the basic feature of the Boltzman-Gibbs statistics (BGS) for a system with internal energy E and entropy S, which is immersed in a large reservoir with energy E0 and entropy S0. The temperature of the small system T is the same as that of the reservoir T0 where T = δE/δS and T0 = δE0/δS0. If we consider the number of possible microscopic states of ?(E0) in the reservoir, its entropy is given by S0 = kB ln?(E0) where kB denotes the Boltzman constant. The probability of finding the small system with the energ