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DNA intercalator stimulates influenza transcription and virus replication
LiandPoonVirologyJournal2011,8:120
/content/8/1/120
SHORT REPORT
OpenAccess
DNAintercalatorstimulatesinfluenza
transcriptionandvirusreplication
OliveTWLi,LeoLMPoon*
Abstract
InfluenzaAvirususesitshosttranscriptionmachinerytofacilitateviralRNAsynthesis,aneventthatisassociated
withcellularRNApolymeraseII(RNAPII).Inthisstudy,variousRNAPIItranscriptioninhibitorswereusedto
investigatetheeffectofRNAPIIphosphorylationstatusonviralRNAtranscription.AlowconcentrationofDNA
intercalators,suchasactinomycinD(ActD),wasfoundtostimulateviralpolymeraseactivityandvirusreplication.
ThiseffectwasnotobservedincellstreatedwithRNAPIIkinaseinhibitors.Inaddition,thelossofRNAPII in
a
infectedcellswasduetotheshiftofnonphosphorylatedRNAPII(RNAPII)tohyperphosphorylatedRNAPII(RNAPIIo).
a
Introduction
asa-amantinandactinomycinD(ActD)havebeenshown
TheC-terminaldomain(CTD)ofRNAPIIisimportantfor toinhibit influenza virus replication [5-7]. Chan etal.
cellular mRNAtranscription, andinteracts withseveral demonstratedthattheinfluenzaviralpolymerasecomplex
post-transcriptional factors for RNA maturation and can inhibit RNAPII transcription elongation, but not
nuclear export. The phosphorylation status ofCTDis initiation [8],aphenomenonthatissimilartothetran-
knowntobeacriticalregulatorycheckpointforRNAPII scriptional arrestofRNAPII.Thistranscriptional arrest
transcription[1].Thehyperphosphorylated(transcription- mayberelated todirectinteraction betweenvRNPand
allyengaged)formofRNAPIIisdesignatedasRNAPIIo, Ser5-phosphorylatedRNAPII [9].Ithasalsobeendemon-
o
whereasitsnonphosphorylated(transcriptionallyinactive) stratedthatarobustpolymerasecomplexismorecapable
formisdesignatedasRNAPII.Attheearlystageoftran- ofbindingtoRNAPII [10].Recently,influenzaviralpoly-
a
o
scription,freeRNAPII interactswithothergeneraltran- merasehasbeenproposedtoinducethedirectdegrada-
a
scription factors oncellular DNApromoters toforma tion of RNAPII [11-13], thereby inhibitin
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