Are Soil Pollution Risks Established by Governments the Same as Actual Risks英文文献资料.docVIP

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Are Soil Pollution Risks Established by Governments the Same as Actual Risks英文文献资料.doc

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Are Soil Pollution Risks Established by Governments the Same as Actual Risks英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation AppliedandEnvironmentalSoilScience Volume2009,ArticleID237038,7pages doi:10.1155/2009/237038 ReviewArticle AreSoilPollutionRisksEstablishedbyGovernments theSameasActualRisks? L.Reijnders IBED,UniversityofAmsterdam,NieuweAchtergracht166,1018WVAmsterdam,TheNetherlands CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoL.Reijnders,l.reijnders@uva.nl Received26February2009;Accepted20July2009 RecommendedbyAmarilisdeVarennes ThoughsoilpollutionpoliciesinNorthAmericaandtheEuropeanUnionincreasinglyuserisk-basedstandards,theconstruction andapplicationofsuchstandardsareoftende?cientintakingaccountofactualrisks.Standardsrefertototalconcentrationsof substancesandnottothebiologicallyavailableamount.Anumberofcountriesneglect“background”exposure,andassumptions regardingroutesofexposuretosoilpollutioncanbeverydi?erentandatvariancewithempiricaldata.Recentdose-e?ectstudies areneglectedinanumberofcases.Theapplicationofstandardsdoesnottakeaccountoftheoverallriskofsoilpollutionbutrather leadstothedecisionwhetherornotthereisviolationofatleastonestandardforaspeci?ed(groupof)substance(s).Standards forsoilpollutantsareoftenbasedontheassumptionthatonlye?ectadditioncanoccur,whereasdoseaddition,antagonismand synergism,andindirecte?ectsmayinfactapply.Severalremediesforcurrentshortcomingsareproposed. Copyright?2009L.Reijnders.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,which permitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. 1.Introduction here[1–13],assumethatbackgroundexposuretopollutants carries no risk and that a speci?ed level of soil pollution carries a maximum tolerable or maximum acceptable risk fororganismslivinglocally.Thelatteristhemainbasisfor standardsetting. Inpart,risk-orientedsoilpollutionlegislationincludes policy goals that are qualitative [10]. For instance, the primary UK legislation on contaminated soil de?nes land ascontaminatedinneedofriskmanagement“ifsigni?cant harm is being