Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution feeding time models英文文献资料.docVIP

Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2011, 2, 271-274 ABB doi:10.4236/abb.2011.24039 Published Online August 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/abb/). Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution: feeding time models Akbar Nikkhah Department of Animal Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. E-mail: nikkhah@znu.ac.ir Received 1 June 2011; revised 1 July 2011; accepted 18 July 2011. ABSTRACT by biological clocks located in the hypothalamic supra- chiasmatic nuclei, and to some extent by photoperiod and feeding cues [3,6]. Glucose tolerance and blood glu- cose in humans and rats have diurnal endogenous rhy- thmcity [7]. Exogenous rhythms are controlled mainly by external factors, including feeding time and feed type. Blood urea is for instance exogenously regulated [5]. Knowledge on how feeding and eating times affect diur- nal and postprandial intake patterns will enable predict- ing diurnal patterns in rumen, post-rumen and peripheral nutrient assimilation. These will suggest optimal, subop- timal, and unfavorable times of nutrient supply. The pri- mary objective is to delineate an evolutionary basis of ruminant nutrition through describing the most recent chronological discoveries of feeding time effects on di- urnal rhythms in intake, rumen fermentation and meta- bolism of high-producing ruminants. In addition, a new integrative evolutionary theory will be constructed. Ruminants have evolved to ruminate mostly over- night and graze during day. As such, rumen fermen- tation, post-rumen nutrient assimilation and periphe- ral metabolism have 24-h patterns. These evolution- ary rhythms in eating behavior and metabolism have led to annual, seasonal, and circadian rhythms in ruminant endocrinology. Such natural patterns have encountered dramatic shifts in productivity in the last few decades. For optimum nutrient use and ani- mal health, securing a synchrony between