BPS States, Crystals, and Matrices英文文献资料.docVIP

HindawiPublishingCorporation AdvancesinHighEnergyPhysics Volume2011,ArticleID357016,52pages doi:10.1155/2011/357016 ReviewArticle BPSStates,Crystals, andMatrices PiotrSu?kowski1,2 1California InstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA91125,USA 2FacultyofPhysics,University ofWarsaw,ul.Ho˙za69,00-681Warsaw,Poland Correspondence shouldbeaddressedtoPiotrSu?kowski,psulkows@ Received14May2011;Accepted 19June2011 Academic Editor:AmihayHanany Copyright q2011PiotrSu?kowski. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,distribution, andreproduction in anymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. We review free fermion, melting crystal, and matrix model representations of wall-crossing phenomena on local, toric Calabi-Yau manifolds. We consider both unre?ned and re?ned BPS counting ofclosed BPSstatesinvolving D2-andD0-branes bound toaD6-brane, aswellasopen BPSstatesinvolvingopenD2-branesendingonanadditionalD4-brane.Appropriatelimitofthese constructions provides, among theothers, matrix model representation ofre?ned and unre?ned topological stringamplitudes. 1.Introduction ThispaperisdevotedtosomeaspectsofcountingofBPSstatesinasystemofDp-branes, withevenp,intypeIIAstringcompacti?cations.TheproblemsofBPScountingspanavast areaofresearchinsupersymmetricgaugeandstringtheories.Theirimportantfeatureisa special,nonconstantcharacterofBPSmultiplicities:theirvaluesdependonvariousmoduli and jump discontinuously along some special loci in the corresponding moduli space, so called walls of marginal stability. The pattern of these jumps follows wall-crossing formulas, found from physical perspective by Denef and Moore 1 and, in more general context, formulated mathematically by Kontsevich and Soibelman 2. The regions of the moduli spaceinbetweenwallsofmarginalstability,inwhichBPSmultiplicitiesarelocallyconstant, arecalledchambers. TheBPSstatesweareinterestedin,andwhichwewillrefertoas closedBPSstate