Breast Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries An Emerging and Challenging Epidemic英文文献资料.docVIP

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Breast Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries An Emerging and Challenging Epidemic英文文献资料.doc

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Breast Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries An Emerging and Challenging Epidemic英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation JournalofOncology Volume2010,ArticleID490631,5pages doi:10.1155/2010/490631 ReviewArticle BreastCancerinLow-andMiddle-IncomeCountries: AnEmergingandChallengingEpidemic ArafatTfayli, SallyTemraz, RachelAbouMrad, andAliShamseddine 1 1 2 1 1 DivisionofHematology/Oncology,AmericanUniversityofBeirutMedicalCenter,P.O.Box11-0236, RiadEl-Solh,BeiruLebanon DepartmentofInternalMedicine,AmericanUniversityofBeirut,Beirut,Lebanon 2 CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoAliShamseddine,as04@.lb Received14May2010;Accepted13November2010 AcademicEditor:C.H.Yip Copyright?2010ArafatTfaylietal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Breastcancerisamajorhealthcareproblemthata?ectsmorethanonemillionwomenyearly.Whileitistraditionallythought ofasadiseaseoftheindustrializedworld,around45%ofbreastcancercasesand55%ofbreastcancerdeathsoccurinlowand middleincomecountries.Managingbreastcancerinlowincomecountriesposesadi?erentsetofchallengesincludingaccess toscreening,stageatpresentation,adequacyofmanagementandavailabilityoftherapeuticinterventions.Inthispaper,wewill reviewthechallengesfacedinthemanagementofbreastcancerinlowandmiddleincomecountries. 1.Introduction tabooofcancersandmisconceptionsaboutcancertreatment and outcomes, lack of standardized treatment protocols withdiversityofclinicalpractice,healthcarestandardsand infrastructure,and?nallypoorfollowupdataandthelackof mortalitydata. Breastcanceristhemostcommoncancerofwomen,andits incidenceisrisingespeciallyindevelopingcountries.Global burdenofbreastcancerinwomen,measuredbyincidence, mortality, and economic costs, is substantial and on the increase. Worldwide, it is estimated that more than one millionwomenarediagnosedwithbreastcancereveryyear, andmorethan400,000willdiefromthedisease. 2.Epidemiology In low-