Do Père Davids Deer Lose Memories of Their Ancestral Predators 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Do Père Davids Deer Lose Memories of Their Ancestral Predators 英文参考文献.doc

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Do Père Davids Deer Lose Memories of Their Ancestral Predators 英文参考文献

DoPe`reDavid’sDeerLoseMemoriesofTheirAncestral Predators? ChunwangLi1.,XiaoboYang1,2.,YuhuaDing3,LinyuanZhang4,HongxiaFang1,SonghuaTang1, ZhigangJiang1,2 * 1KeyLaboratoryofAnimalEcologyandConservationBiology,InstituteofZoology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China,2GraduateUniversityoftheChinese AcademyofSciences,Beijing,China,3DafengMiluNationalNatureReserve,DafengJiangsu,China,4BeijingMiluEcologicalResearchCenter,Beijing,China Abstract Whetherpreyretainsantipredatorbehaviorafteralongperiodofpredatorrelaxationisanimportantquestioninpredator- preyevolution.Pe`reDavid’sdeerhavebeenraisedinenclosuresformorethan1200yearsandthisisolationprovidesan opportunitytostudywhetherPe`re David’sdeerstillrespondtothecuesoftheirancestralpredatorsortonovelpredators. We played back the sounds of crows (familiar sound) and domestic dogs (familiar non-predators), of tigers and wolves (ancestral predators), and of lions (potential na?¨ve predator) to Pe`re David’s deer in paddocks, and blank sounds to the controlgroup,andvideoedthebehaviorofthedeerduringtheexperiment.Wealsoshowedlife-sizephotomodelsofdog, leopard,bear,tiger,wolf,andliontothedeerandvideotapedtheirresponsesafterseeingthesemodels.Pe`reDavid’sdeer staredatandapproachedthehiddenloudspeakerwhentheyheardtheroarsoftigerorlion.Thedeerlistenedtotigerroars longer,approachedtotigerroarsmoreandspentmoretimestaringatthetigermodel.Thestagswerealsofoundtoforage lessinthetrialsoftigerroarsthanthatofothersoundplaybacks.Additionally,ittooklongerforthedeertorestoretheir normalbehavioraftertheyheardtigerroars,whichwaslongerthanthatafterthetrialofothersoundplaybacks.Moreover, thedeerwereonlyfoundtowalkawayafterhearingthesoundsoftigerandwolf.Therefore,thetigerwasprobablythe mainpredatorforPe`reDavid’sdeerinancienttime.OurstudyimpliesthatPe`reDavid’sdeerstillretainthememoriesofthe acousticandvisualcuesoftheirancestralpredatorsinspiteofthelongtermisolationfromnaturalhabitat. Citation: Li C, Yang X, Ding Y, Zhang L, Fang H, et al. (2011) Do