Evolution and Creationism in Americas Classrooms A National Portrait 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evolution and Creationism in Americas Classrooms A National Portrait 英文参考文献.doc

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Evolution and Creationism in Americas Classrooms A National Portrait 英文参考文献

Essay Evolution and Creationism in America’s Classrooms: A National Portrait Michael B. Berkman , Julianna Sandell Pacheco, Eric Plutzer * I n 2004, the school board in Dover, Pennsylvania, voted to require its 9th grade science teachers Teaching Evolution: Law, Policy, and Practice Unlike John Scopes (see Figure 1), the Tennessee biology teacher convicted of teaching evolution (a conviction upheld in the 1925 case of Tennessee v. John Scopes), the plaintiffs and teachers in Dover prevailed in the courts when the Dover classroom disclaimer was declared unconstitutional. Consistent with earlier cases in other states, the court in Kitzmiller v. Dover found that ID—like other more explicitly religious alternatives to evolution— must be excluded from public school classrooms as a violation of the Constitution’s Establishment Clause [10,11]. Judge John E. Jones III’s ruling could not have been stronger: the Dover school board’s actions were of “breath-taking inanity” and an “utter waste of monetary and personal resources [1].” Victories in cases like Kitzmiller are important to the scienti?c community, which devotes time and resources to exclude the teaching of nonscienti?c alternatives to evolutionary theory. These victories have paid dividends in policies at the state and local level. Although the United States has no national curriculum guidelines or to read a statement questioning the validity of evolutionary theory. “Because Darwin’s Theory is a theory,” teachers were instructed to say, “it continues to be tested as new evidence is discovered. The Theory is not a fact. Gaps in the Theory exist for which there is no evidence.” Students in Dover High School were also encouraged to explore the concept of intelligent design (ID), described in the statement as “an explanation of the origin of life that differs from Darwin’s view.” Multiple copies of the ID text Of Pandas and People were made available, and the school board stated that “Students are