Evolutionary History and Attenuation of Myxoma Virus on Two Continents 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evolutionary History and Attenuation of Myxoma Virus on Two Continents 英文参考文献.doc

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Evolutionary History and Attenuation of Myxoma Virus on Two Continents 英文参考文献

EvolutionaryHistoryandAttenuationofMyxomaVirus onTwoContinents PeterJ.Kerr1,ElodieGhedin2,JayV.DePasse2,AdamFitch2,IsabellaM.Cattadori3,PeterJ.Hudson3, DavidC.Tscharke4,AndrewF.Read3,5,EdwardC.Holmes3,5 * 1CSIROEcosystemSciences,Canberra,AustralianCapitalTerritory,Australia,2CenterforVaccineResearch,DepartmentofComputationalandSystemsBiology,University ofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3CenterforInfectiousDiseaseDynamics,DepartmentofBiology,ThePennsylvania StateUniversity,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania, UnitedStatesofAmerica, 4ResearchSchoolofBiology,TheAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,AustralianCapital Territory,Australia,5FogartyInternationalCenter,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract The attenuation of myxoma virus (MYXV) following its introduction as a biological control into the European rabbit populationsofAustraliaandEuropeisthecanonicalstudyoftheevolutionofvirulence.However,theevolutionarygenetics of this profound change in host-pathogen relationship is unknown. We describe the genome-scale evolution of MYXV coveringarangeofvirulencegradessampledover49yearsfromtheparallelAustralianandEuropeanepidemics,including thehigh-virulenceprogenitorstrainsreleasedintheearly1950s.MYXVevolvedrapidlyoverthesamplingperiod,exhibiting oneofthehighestnucleotidesubstitutionrateseverreportedforadouble-strandedDNAvirus,andindicativeofarelatively high mutation rate and/or a continually changing selective environment. Our comparative sequence data reveal that changes in virulence involved multiple genes, likely losses of gene function due to insertion-deletion events, and no mutations common to specific virulence grades. Hence, despite the similarity in selection pressures there are multiple geneticroutestoattaineitherhighlyvirulentorattenuatedphenotypesinMYXV,resultinginconvergenceforphenotype butnotgenotype. Citation: Kerr PJ, Ghedin E, DePasse JV, Fitch A, Cattadori IM, et al. (2012) Evolutio