Evolutionary Genetics of an S-Like Polymorphism in Papaveraceae with Putative Function in Self-Incompatibility 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evolutionary Genetics of an S-Like Polymorphism in Papaveraceae with Putative Function in Self-Incompatibility 英文参考文献.doc

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Evolutionary Genetics of an S-Like Polymorphism in Papaveraceae with Putative Function in Self-Incompatibility 英文参考文献

EvolutionaryGeneticsofanS-LikePolymorphismin PapaveraceaewithPutativeFunctioninSelf- Incompatibility TimothyPaape1*,TakashiMiyake2,NaokiTakebayashi2,3,DianaWolf2,3,JoshuaR.Kohn4 1CollegeofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,Minnesota,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2InstituteofArcticBiology,UniversityofAlaska,Fairbanks,Alaska, UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofBiologyandWildlife,UniversityofAlaska,Fairbanks,Alaska,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4DepartmentofBiology,Universityof CaliforniaSanDiego,LaJolla,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Papaver rhoeas possesses a gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system not homologous to any other SI mechanismcharacterized atthemolecularlevel.Fourpreviouslypublishedfulllengthstigmatic S-allelesfromthegenus Papaverexhibitedremarkablesequencedivergence,butthesestudiesfailedtoamplifyadditionalS-allelesdespitecrossing evidenceformorethan60S-allelesinPapaverrhoeasalone. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using RT-PCR we identified 87 unique putative stigmatic S-allele sequences from the Papaveraceae Argemone munita, Papaver mcconnellii, P. nudicuale, Platystemon californicus and Romneya coulteri . Hand pollinations among two full-sib families of both A. munita and P. californicus indicate a strong correlation between the putativeS-genotypeandobservedincompatibilityphenotype.However,wealsofoundmorethantwoS-likesequencesin someindividualsofA.munitaandP.californicus,withtwoproductsco-segregatinginbothfull-sibfamiliesofP.californicus. PairwisesequencedivergenceestimateswithinandamongtaxashowPapaverstigmaticS-allelestobethemostvariable with lower divergence among putative S-alleles from other Papaveraceae. Genealogical analysis indicates little shared ancestralpolymorphismamongS-likesequencesfromdifferentgenera.Lackofsharedancestralpolymorphismcouldbe duetolongdivergencetimesamonggenerastudied,reducedlevelsofbalancingselectionifsomeorallS-likesequencesdo not function in incompatibility, population bottlenecks, or diff