Navigation of Chemotactic Cells by Parallel Signaling to Pseudopod Persistence and Orientation 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Navigation of Chemotactic Cells by Parallel Signaling to Pseudopod Persistence and Orientation 英文参考文献.doc

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Navigation of Chemotactic Cells by Parallel Signaling to Pseudopod Persistence and Orientation 英文参考文献

NavigationofChemotacticCellsbyParallelSignalingto PseudopodPersistenceandOrientation LeonardBosgraaf,PeterJ.M.VanHaastert* DepartmentofCellBiochemistry,UniversityofGroningen,Haren,TheNetherlands Abstract Themechanismofchemotaxisisoneofthemostinterestingissuesinmoderncellbiology.Recentworkshowsthatshallow chemoattractantgradientsdonotinducethegenerationofpseudopods,ashasbeenpredictedinmanymodels.Thisposes thequestionofhowelsecellscansteertowardschemoattractants.Hereweuseanewcomputationalalgorithmtoanalyze theextensionofpseudopodsbyDictyosteliumcells.WeshowthatashallowgradientofcAMPinducesasmallbiasinthe direction of pseudopod extension, without significantly affecting parameters such as pseudopod frequency or size. Persistentmovement,causedbyalternatingleft/rightsplittingofexistingpseudopodia,amplifiestheeffectsofthisbiasby upto5-fold.Knownplayersinchemotacticpathwaysplaycontrastingpartsinthismechanism;PLA2andcGMPsignaltothe cytoskeletontoregulatethesplittingprocess,whilePI3-kinaseandsolubleguanylylcyclasemediatethedirectionalbias. Thecoordinatedregulationofpseudopodgeneration,orientationandpersistencebymultiplesignalingpathwaysallows eukaryoticcellstodetectextremelyshallowgradients. Citation:BosgraafL,VanHaastertPJM(2009)NavigationofChemotacticCellsbyParallelSignalingtoPseudopodPersistenceandOrientation.PLoSONE4(8): e6842.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006842 Editor:TerryMeans,MassachusettsGeneralHospital/HarvardUniversity,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedJune30,2009;AcceptedAugust7,2009;PublishedAugust31,2009 Copyright: ? 2009 Bosgraaf, Van Haastert. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:ThisworkhasbeenfundedbyNWO,theNetherlandsOrganizationforSciences(www.nwo.nl).Thefundershadnoroleinstudydesign,datacollection andanalysis,decisiontopublish,orpreparationofthemanuscript. CompetingIntere