Organizing the Vertebrate Embryo—A Balance of Induction and Competence 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Organizing the Vertebrate Embryo—A Balance of Induction and Competence 英文参考文献.doc

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Organizing the Vertebrate Embryo—A Balance of Induction and Competence 英文参考文献

Primer Organizing the Vertebrate Embryo— A Balance of Induction and Competence Igor B. Dawid I n what is usually referred to as the most famous experiment in embryology, Hans Spemann and of a group of cells in response to signals from other cells. The signal-receiving cells must be capable of responding, a property termed competence. The Spemann–Mangold organizer. which— as the transplantation experiment shows—is able to turn cells whose original fate would be gut or ventral epidermis into brain or somites, is the prototypical inducing tissue. And neural induction has for a long time been regarded as a process by which organizer signals, in their normal context, redirect ectodermal cells Copyright: ? 2004 Igor B. Dawid. This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain Declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modi?ed, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Hilde Mangold (1924) showed that a speci?c region in early frog embryos called the blastopore lip can induce a second complete embryonic axis, including the head, when transplanted to a host embryo. Most of the axis, including the nervous system, was derived from the host, whose cells were induced to form an axis by the graft, therefore named the organizer. Induction refers to the change in fate Abbreviations: BCNE region, blastula Chordin- and Noggin-expressing region; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; FGF, ?broblast growth factor Igor B. Dawid is the head of the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America. E-mail: idawid@ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020127 PLoS Biology | May 2004 | Volume 2 | Issue 5 | Page 0579 from an epidermal towards a neural fate. The nature of the neural inducer or inducers and the mec