Silencing and Innate Immunity in Plant Defense Against Viral and Non-Viral Pathogens 英文参考文献.docVIP

Viruses 2012, 4, 2578-2597; doi:10.3390/v4112578 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review Silencing and Innate Immunity in Plant Defense Against Viral and Non-Viral Pathogens Anna S. Zvereva and Mikhail M. Pooggin * Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Sch?nbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; E-Mail: Anna.Zvereva@unibas.ch * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Mikhail.Pooggin@unibas.ch; Tel.: +41-61-267-29-77; Fax: +41-61-267-35-04. Received: 27 September 2012; in revised form: 20 October 2012 / Accepted: 24 October 2012 / Published: 29 October 2012 Abstract: The frontline of plant defense against non-viral pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and oomycetes is provided by transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). To counteract this innate defense, pathogens deploy effector proteins with a primary function to suppress PTI. In specific cases, plants have evolved intracellular resistance (R) proteins detecting isolate-specific pathogen effectors, leading to effector-triggered immunity (ETI), an amplified version of PTI, often associated with hypersensitive response (HR) and programmed cell death (PCD). In the case of plant viruses, no conserved PAMP was identified so far and the primary plant defense is thought to be based mainly on RNA silencing, an evolutionary conserved, sequence-specific mechanism that regulates gene expression and chromatin states and represses invasive nucleic acids such as transposons. Endogenous silencing pathways generate 21-24 nt small (s)RNAs, miRNAs and short interfering (si)RNAs, that repress genes post-transcriptionally and/or transcriptionally. Four distinct Dicer-like (DCL) proteins, which normally produce endogenous miRNAs and siRNAs, all contribute to the biogenesis of