Sleep, Appetite, and Obesity—What Is the Link 英文参考文献.docVIP

Open access, freely available online Perspectives Sleep, Appetite, and Obesity— What Is the Link? Patricia Prinz T here is a well-documented relationship between short sleep duration and high body mass index (BMI). In the largest study, a survey on sleep duration and frequency of insomnia in more than 1.1 million participants, increasing BMI occurred for habitual sleep amounts below 7–8 hours [1]. A recent prospective study found an association between sleep curtailment and future weight gain [2]. The mechanism linking short sleep with weight gain is unknown, but Mignot and colleagues’ study in this month’s PLoS Medicine [3] adds to the growing evidence implicating leptin and ghrelin, the two key opposing hormones involved in appetite regulation. Hormones That Regulate Appetite Leptin, a peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes, is implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. The hormone acts on the central nervous system, in particular the hypothalamus, suppressing food intake and stimulating energy expenditure. Leptin production is primarily regulated by insulin-induced changes in adipocyte metabolism—its secretion levels correlate with adipocyte mass and lipid loads. Leptin promotes in?ammation. The hormone provides an interesting link between obesity and pathophysiological processes such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, and disorders such as autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and the metabolic syndrome. Increased serum leptin levels in obesity DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010061.g001 The Land of Cockaigne, by Pieter Brueghel the Elder and metabolic syndrome support the view that these disorders are in fact low-grade systemic in?ammatory diseases, characterized by increased concentrations of proin?ammatory cytokines like interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and leptin. Leptin’s proin?ammatory role suggests that it may link energy homeostasis to the immune system [4,5]. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that stimulates appe