Surface Energy Balance Based Evapotranspiration Mapping in the Texas High Plains 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2008, 8, 5186-5201; DOI: 10.3390/s8085186 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /sensors Article Surface Energy Balance Based Evapotranspiration Mapping in the Texas High Plains Prasanna H. Gowda 1,*, José L. Chávez 1, Terry A. Howell 1, Thomas H. Marek 2 and Leon L. New 2 1 Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012, U.S.A.; E-mails: Jose.Chavez@ (J.L.C.); Terry.Howell@ (T.A.H.) 2 Texas AgriLife Research, Texas AM System, Amarillo, TX 79106, U.S.A.; E-mails: t.marek@ (T.H.M.); l-new@ (L.L.N.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Prasanna.Gowda@ Received: 27 July 2008; in revised form: 12 Aug 2008 / Accepted: 27 Aug 2008 / Published: 28 August 2008 Abstract: Agriculture on the Texas High Plains (THP) uses approximately 89% of groundwater withdrawals from the Ogallala Aquifer. Consequently, groundwater levels are declining faster than the recharge rate. Therefore, efficient agricultural water use is essential for economic viability and sustainability of the THP. Accurate regional evapotranspiration (ET) maps would provide valuable information on actual crop water use. In this study, METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration), a remote sensing based ET algorithm, was evaluated for mapping ET in the THP. Two Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper images acquired on 27 June (DOY 178) and 29 July (DOY 210) 2005 were used for this purpose. The performance of the ET model was evaluated by comparing the predicted daily ET with values derived from soil moisture budget at four commercial agricultural fields. Daily ET estimates resulted with a prediction error of 12.7±8.1% (mean bias error ± root mean square error) on DOY 178 and -4.7±9.4% on DOY 210 when compared with ET derived from measured soil moisture throu