敦煌吐鲁番借贷契约的抵赦条款与国家对民间债负的赦免——唐宋时期民间高利贷与国家控制的博弈.pdf

总第9l期 甘 肃 政 法 学 院 学 报 General No．91 2007年3月 Journal of Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law Mar．。2007 敦煌吐鲁番借贷契约的抵赦条款 与国家对民间债负的赦免 唐宋时期民间高利贷与国家控制的博弈 霍存福 (吉林大学法学院，吉林 长春130012) 摘 要：敦煌吐鲁番借贷契约中的“公私债负停征。此物不在停限”、“后有恩赦。不在免限”等抵赦条款，是民间社会对抗国 家赦免私债的契约表现。始于北魏时期的国家对私债的赦免，针对的是“偿利过本，翻改券契”等民间高利贷行为；唐、五代及 南宋、元初赦令，延续了这个传统。这一赦免初衷．也波及到无息借贷。致使抵赦条款也出现在无息借贷契约中．反映了民间 防御意识的加强。契约中的抵赦条款的反复出现与国家免除民间债负赦令的频繁发布，反映了民问高利贷与国家控制的长 时问博弈。明清时，国家不再以赦令形式免除私债，契约中的抵赦条款也随即消失。 关麓词：敦煌；吐鲁番；借贷契约；抵赦条款；民间债负；高利贷 中图分类号：DF 092 文献标识码：A 文章编号：l007—788X(2007)02—0001一ll The Articles that Resisting an Absolution from the Emperor in Loan Contracts Found jn Tunhuang and Turfan and the Commands of Remitting Civil Debts by the Emperor in That Time — — the conflict between the civil usury and state control in Tang and Song Dynasties HIJo Cun—fu (Law School，Jilin University，Changchun，Jilin 130012) Abstract：The articles that resisting an absolution from emperor in loan contracts found in Tunhuang and Turfan which remark”ceasing to collect public and civil debts，except this one”、”if there is an absolution afterwards，it doesnt affect this one”，are the representations of civil society resisting the absolution from the emperor．Remitting civil debts begins from Northern Wei Dynasty，which aims at civil usury，such as ”interest exceeding principal。change the contract”and SO on；the absolution in Tang Dynasty、Five Dynas— ties、South Song and Yuan Dynasty inherits this tradition．Besides，this absolution also affects the interest — free loan contracts，SO that there are articles that resisting an absolution from the emperor in this kind of contract．From this phenomenon