儿童何时开始理解他人的想法.pptVIP

儿童何时开始理解他人的想法When children begin to simulate other minds One superpower all psychologists would kill for is the ability to read minds. Not only would it make psychology research a lot easier, we would be able to experience what it is like to be someone else - a fascinating prospect. Although telepathy is still science fiction most of us can do something clever that, while only a pale imitation, does allow us to step inside other peoples minds in a limited way. 读心术”是每个心理学家都梦寐以求的超能力。它不仅会让心理学实验事半功倍，想想看，能够成为另外一个人去感受他的经历，实在是太神奇了！ 虽然心电感应还只是科幻小说的情节，但是大多数人只要转换个角度，都有本事在某种程度上钻进别人脑袋里看看。 We can do this because our brains are fantastic simulators - we can, for example, predict the paths objects will take through space and the decisions we should make now to cause a future event. Similarly, we can put ourselves in other peoples shoes to try and imagine their thoughts, intentions and possible actions. In fact without the ability to simulate what other people are thinking we would be lost in the social world. 我们之所以能够钻进别人的脑袋，是因为我们大脑是个超级模拟器——比方说，我们可以建立一个模型，预测网球从哪里飞过来，然后判断是上网截击还是到底线防守。同样的道理，我们也可以站在别人的角度去体会他们的想法、目的或者可能的行动。实际上，如果不能模拟别人在想什么，我们就会在社会生活中无所适从。 Theory of mindPsychologists call this ability to simulate or work out what others are thinking ‘theory of mind’. The emergence of theory of mind in children is a vital developmental milestone; some psychologists think that a failure to develop a theory of mind is a central component of autism.心理理论心理学家将这种模拟或者猜测他人想法的能力称之为“心理理论”。儿童出现心理理论，是发展过程中的重大里程碑。有些心理学家认为，不能成功发展出心理理论，是孤独症的主要特征。 The first experiment to provide evidence about when theory of mind emerges using a test of false beliefs was carried out by Heinz Wimmer and Josef Perner from the University of Salzburg (Wimmer Perner, 1983).To test the emergence of theory of mind the researchers wanted to find out whether children could pass a false belief test. To pass the test children have to understand that its possible for other people to hold beliefs that are different to