chapter08_lecture课件.ppt

Powerpoint to accompany Genetics: From Genes to Genomes Third Edition Hartwell ● Hood ● Goldberg ● Reynolds ● Silver ● Veres Outline of Chapter 8 The genetic code How triplets of the four nucleotides unambiguously specify 20 amino acids, making it possible to translate information from a nucleotide chain to a sequence of amino acids Transcription How RNA polymerase, guided by base pairing, synthesizes a single-stranded mRNA copy of a gene’s DNA template Translation How base pairing between mRNA and tRNAs directs the assembly of a polypeptide on the ribosome Significant differences in gene expression between prokaryotes and eukaryotes How mutations affect gene information and expression The triplet codon represents each amino acid. 20 amino acids encoded for by 4 nucleotides By deduction: 1 nucleotide/amino acid = 41 = 4 triplet combinations. 2 nucleotides/amino acid = 42 = triplet combinations. 3 nucleotides/amino acid = 43 = triplet combinations. Must be at least triplet combinations that code for amino acids The Genetic Code: 61 triplet codons represent 20 amino acids; 3 triplet codons signify stop. A gene’s nucleotide sequence is colinear the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide. Charles Yanofsky – E. coli genes for a subunit of tyrptophan synthetase compared mutations within a gene to particular amino acid substitutions. Trp- mutants in trpA Fine structure recombination map Determined amino acid sequences of mutants A codon is composed of more than one nucleotide. Different point mutations may affect same amino acid. Codon contains more than one nucleotide. Each nucleotide is part of only a single codon. Each point mutation altered only one amino acid. A codon is composed of three nucleotides and the starting point of each gene establishes a reading frame.studies of frameshift mutations in bacteriophage T4 rIIB gene Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon. Phenotypic effect of frameshifts depends on if reading frame is restored. Cra