bourgin-yang-type theorem for -compact perturbations of closed operators. part i. the case of index theories with dimension propertybourgin-yang-type定理紧凑扰动的运营商关闭。.pdfVIP

BOURGIN-YANG-TYPE THEOREM FOR a-COMPACT PERTURBATIONS OF CLOSED OPERATORS. PART I. THE CASE OF INDEX THEORIES WITH DIMENSION PROPERTY SERGEY A. ANTONYAN, ZALMAN I. BALANOV, AND BORIS D. GEL’MAN Received 26 June 2005; Accepted 1 July 2005 A variant of the Bourgin-Yang theorem for a-compact perturbations of a closed linear operator (in general, unbounded and having an infinite-dimensional kernel) is proved. An application to integrodifferential equations is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Sergey A. Antonyan et al. This is an open access article distributed un- der the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. Introduction 1.1. Goal. Among several different, but equivalent, formulations of the famous Borsuk- Ulam theorem, the following one is of our interest: if f : Sn → Rn is a continuous odd map, then there exists an x ∈ Sn such that f (x ) = f (−x ) = 0 (see [17] for other formu- lations, generalizations, and applications, and [ 11, 13] for a connection with the corre- sponding Brouwer degree results). Under the “stronger” assumption that f : Sn → Rm, where m n, one can expect that there are bigger coincidence sets. The results which measure the size of the set A := {x ∈ Sn | f (−x ) = f (x )} in topological terms, like dimension, (co)homology, genus (or other index theory), are usually called “Bourgin-Yang theorems.” The simplest result in this direction (cf. [5, 19]) can be formulated as follows: (i) dimA (f ) ≥ n − m (covering or cohomological dimension) and (ii) g (A (f )) ≥ n − m + 1, where g (·) stands for the genus with respect to the antipodal action (see Example 2.4). We refer to [17] for extensions of this result to more complicated (finite-dimensional) G-spaces, where G is a compact Lie group, as well as to index theories different from genus. Holm and Spanier were the first t