生产函数决定成本函数(ppt 37)英文版.pptVIP

Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition Introduction 生產函數決定成本函數，而(邊際)成本會影響供給函數；因此，本章先介紹生產函數，然後說明成本函數。 生產函數在說明生產要素與產量之間的關係；生產要素分為兩類，一類是短期即可變動其使用的數量的(以勞工為代表)，另一類是長期才可變動其使用的數量的(以資本為代表) 。 產量受到生產技術與生產要素的影響 Where do cost curves come from Depends on firm’s available technology Determines production process Production process determines firm’s costs Production and Costs in the Short Run Limited options in short run (SR) Initial assumption Firm can hire more labor Production in the Short Run Total product (TP) of labor Quantity of output produced by firm in a given amount of time dependent on labor hired Information graphically represented by production function Production function slopes upward Production function is rule for determining how much output can be produced with a given basket of inputs Calculating MP and AP Marginal product of labor (MPL) Increase in total product based on hiring one additional worker Assume capital fixed Slope of TP Average product of labor (APL) Total product divided by number of workers Relation between MP and AP Calculating MP and AP MPLAPL EXHIBIT 6.1 Total, Marginal and Average Products Shape of MP and AP Curves AP If number of workers large, additional workers cause average product of labor to decrease Inverted U-shape MP Inverted U-shape AP and MP relationship to one another If MP AP, MP lies above AP If MP AP, MP lies below AP If MP = AP, AP at maximum or peak EXHIBIT 6.2 The Stages of Production Variable Costs in the SR Constructing the firm’s variable cost curve Need total product curve Need wage rate Price of hiring labor Multiply number of workers by wage rate to get variable cost PL×L=VC Curve relates total product, not number of workers, to variable cost Exhibit 6.3 VC Curve EXHIBIT 6.3 Variable Cost Curve Fixed Costs in the SR Costs of capital Physical assets, such as machinery and factories Ex. handyman’s van Total Cost Total cost equal to sum of fixed and variable costs of productionTC=FC+VC=FC+PL×L Addi