the role of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (sumo) pathway in prostate cancer小ubiquitin-related修饰符的作用(相扑)通路在前列腺癌.pdfVIP

Biomolecules 2012, 2, 240-255; doi:10.3390/biom2020240 OPEN ACCESS biomolecules ISSN 2218-273X /journal/biomolecules Review The Role of the Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier (SUMO) Pathway in Prostate Cancer Panagiotis J. Vlachostergios * and Christos N. Papandreou Department of Medical Oncology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis 41110, Larissa, Greece; E-Mail: cpapandreou@med.uth.gr * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: pvlacho@med.uth.gr; Tel.: +30-241-350-2785; Fax: +30-241-350-1021. Received: 15 March 2012; in revised form: 28 March 2012 / Accepted: 9 April 2012 / Published: 23 April 2012 Abstract: SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) conjugation is a reversible three-step process of protein post-translational modifications mediating protein-protein interactions, subcellular compartmentalization and regulation of transcriptional events. Among divergent transcription factors regulated by SUMOylation and deSUMOylation, the androgen receptor (AR) is of exceptional significance, given its established role in prostate carcinogenesis. The enzymes of the SUMO pathway can have diverse effects on AR transcriptional activity, either via direct modification of the AR or through modification of AR co-regulators. Accumulating in vitro and in vivo evidence implicates the SUMO pathway in AR-dependent signaling. Prostate cancer cell proliferation and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis