感染的一般概念.ppt

Chapter 13 Nonspecific Resistance and the Immune Response 第一节 感染的一般概念 第二节 宿主的非特异性免疫 第三节 宿主的特异性免疫 第四节 免疫病理 第五节 免疫学的实际应用 Concepts 1. Gnotobiotic refers to a microbiologically monitored environment or animal in which the identities of all microorganisms present are known or to an environment or animal that is germfree. 2. Most microorganisms associated with the human body are bacteria; they normally colonize specific sites. There are both positive and negative aspects of these normal microorganisms. Sometimes they compete with pathogens; other times they are capable of producing opportunistic infections. 3. The host’s ability to resist infection depends on a constant defense against microbial invasion. Resistance arises from both nonspecific and specific body defense mechanisms. 4. Nonspecific host defenses are those innate mechanisms with which a host is genetically endowed. Examples include physical and mechanical barriers: specifically, the skin, mucous membranes, the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and the eye. Other nonspecific host defenses include chemical barriers such as bacteriocins, betalysin, and other polypeptides. 5. Inflammation, the alternative complement pathway, phagocytosis, cytokines, fever, and natural killer cells are other examples of nonspecific defenses that help protect the host against microorganisms and cancer. 第一节 感染的一般概念 病原微生物(Pathogenic microorganism)，或病原体(pathogen)：寄生于生物(包括人)机体并引起疾病的微生物 感染(infection)，又称传染：机体与病原体在一定条件下相互作用而引起的病理过程。（感染不是疾病的同义词！） 传染病：由有生命力的病原体引起的疾病，与由其它致病因素引起的疾病在本质上是有区别的。 一、感染的途径和方式 1.感染的途径 2．感染的部位及方 二、微生物的致病性 1.细菌的致病性 2.病毒的致病性 3.立克次体致病性 4.真菌的致病性 5.寄生虫的致病性 三、传染后的表症 一、感染的途径和方式 外源性感染：来源于宿主体外的感染，主要来自病人、健康带菌 (毒)者和带菌(毒)动、植物。 内源性感染：当滥用抗生素导致菌群失调或某些因素致使机体免疫功能下降时，宿主体内正常菌群引起的感染。 1.感染的途径：呼吸道感染、消化道感染、创伤 感染、接触感染、垂直传播 2. 感染的部位及方式 病原体侵入机体的途径： a）绝大多数病原体不能穿过完整的皮肤，而是通过机体的自然开口 、皮肤表面的创伤裂口，或通过导管、静脉注入或外科切口等医源性的途径，进入机体内